Governor-General of the Philippines
| Governor-General of the Philippines | |
|---|---|
| Former political post | |
| Miguel López de Legazpi First Governor-General of the Philippines |
|
| Predecessor | Barangay |
| Successor | President of the Philippines |
| First officeholder | Miguel López de Legazpi |
| Last officeholder | Tomoyuki Yamashita |
| Political office started | 27 April 1565 |
| Political office ended | 6 October 1945 |
| Current pretender | Position abolished |
The Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed mainly by Spain and the United States, and briefly by Great Britain, from 1565 to 1935.
|
Spanish Colonial Government (1565–1761)
From 1565 to 1898, Spain governed the Philippines. The governor was appointed by the Viceroyalty of New Spain (until Mexico separated from Spain in 1821) upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes, governed in behalf of the King of Spain. In case of vacancy (i.e. sudden death of the governor-general, or transitional period between the previous and upcoming governor from other parts of the Spanish Empire), the Royal Audiencia in Manila appoints the temporary governor among its members until the next governor serve in full capacity.
| # | Picture | Name | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Miguel López de Legazpi | April 27, 1565 | August 20, 1572 | |
| 2 | Guido de Lavezaris | August 20, 1572 | August 25, 1575 | |
| 3 | Francisco de Sande | August 25, 1575 | April 1580 | |
| 4 | Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñaloza | April 1580 | March 10, 1583 | |
| 5 | Diego Ronquillo | March 10, 1583 | May 16, 1584 | |
| 6 | Santiago de Vera | May 16, 1584 | May 1590 | |
| 7 | Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas | June 1, 1590 | October 25, 1593 | |
| 8 | Pedro de Rojas | October 1593 | December 3, 1593 | |
| 9 | Luis Pérez Dasmariñas | December 3, 1593 | July 14, 1596 | |
| 10 | Francisco de Tello de Guzmán | July 14, 1596 | May 1602 | |
| 11 | Pedro Bravo de Acuña | May 1602 | June 24, 1606 | |
| 12 | Cristóbal Téllez de Almanza (Audiencia Real) |
June 24, 1606 | June 15, 1608 | |
| 13 | Rodrigo de Vivero y Velasco | June 15, 1608 | April 1609 | |
| 14 | Juan de Silva | April 1609 | April 19, 1616 | |
| 15 | Andrés Alcaraz (Audiencia Real) |
April 19, 1616 | July 3, 1618 | |
| 16 | Alonso Fajardo de Entenza | July 3, 1618 | July 1624 | |
| 17 | Jeronimo de Silva (Audiencia Real) |
July 1624 | June 1625 | |
| 18 | Fernando de Silva | July 1624 | June 29, 1626 | |
| 19 | Juan Niño de Tabora | June 29, 1626 | July 22, 1632 | |
| 20 | Lorenzo de Olaza (Audiencia Real) |
July 22, 1632 | 1633 | |
| 21 | Juan Cerezo de Salamanca | August 29, 1633 | June 25, 1635 | |
| 22 | Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera | June 25, 1635 | August 11, 1644 | |
| 23 | Diego Fajardo Chacón | August 11, 1644 | July 25, 1653 | |
| 24 | Sabiniano Manrique de Lara | July 25, 1653 | September 8, 1663 | |
| 25 | Diego de Salcedo | September 8, 1663 | September 28, 1668 | |
| 26 | Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz | September 28, 1668 | September 24, 1669 | |
| 27 | Manuel de León | September 24, 1669 | September 21, 1677 | |
| 28 | Francisco Coloma (Audiencia Real) |
September 21, 1677 | September 21, 1677 | |
| 29 | Francisco Sotomayor y Mansilla (Audiencia Real) |
September 21, 1677 | September 28, 1678 | |
| 30 | Juan de Vargas y Hurtado | September 28, 1678 | August 24, 1684 | |
| 31 | Gabriel de Curuzealegui y Arriola | August 24, 1684 | April 1689 | |
| 32 | Alonso de Avila Fuertes (Audiencia Real) |
April 1689 | July 1690 | |
| 33 | Fausto Cruzat y Gongora | July 25, 1690 | December 8, 1701 | |
| 34 | Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri | December 8, 1701 | August 25, 1709 | |
| 35 | Martín de Urzua y Arismendi | August 25, 1709 | February 4, 1715 | |
| 36 | Jose Torralba (Audiencia Real) |
February 4, 1715 | August 9, 1717 | |
| 37 | Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda | August 9, 1717 | October 11, 1719 | |
| 38 | Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (Archdiocese of Manila) |
October 11, 1719 | August 6, 1721 | |
| 39 | Toribio José Cosio y Campo | August 6, 1721 | August 14, 1729 | |
| 40 | Fernándo Valdés y Tamon | August 14, 1729 | July 1739 | |
| 41 | Gaspar de la Torre | July 1739 | September 21, 1745 | |
| 42 | Archbishop Juan Arrechederra (Archdiocese of Manila) |
September 21, 1745 | July 20, 1750 | |
| 43 | Jose Francisco de Obando y Solis | July 20, 1750 | July 26, 1754 | |
| 44 | Pedro Manuel de Arandia Santisteban | July 26, 1754 | 1759 | |
| 45 | Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta | June 1759 | May 31, 1761 |
British Occupation of Manila (1761–1764)
Great Britain occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War.
| # | Picture | Name | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46 | Archbishop Manuel Rojo del Rio y Vieyra (Archdiocese of Manila) |
July 1761 | October 6, 1762 | |
| 47 | Simón de Anda y Salazar (Provisional Government in Bacolor, Pampanga) |
October 6, 1762 | February 10, 1764 | |
| Vacant Due to the 'British Occupation of Manila from October 6 to November 2, 1762. |
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| 48 | Dawsonne Drake | November 2, 1762 | May 31, 1764 | |
Spanish Colonial Government (1764–1898)
| # | Picture | Name | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 49 | Francisco Javier de la Torre | March 17, 1764 | July 6, 1765 | |
| 50 | José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez | July 6, 1765 | July 1770 | |
| 51 | Simón de Anda y Salazar | July 1770 | October 30, 1776 | |
| 52 | Pedro de Sarrio | October 30, 1776 | July 1778 | |
| 53 | José Basco y Vargas | July 1778 | September 22, 1787 | |
| 54 | Pedro de Sarrio | September 22, 1787 | July 1, 1788 | |
| 55 | Félix Berenguer de Marquina | July 1, 1788 | September 1, 1793 | |
| 56 | Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León | September 1, 1793 | August 7, 1806 | |
| 57 | Mariano Fernández de Folgueras | August 7, 1806 | March 4, 1810 | |
| 58 | Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar | March 4, 1810 | September 4, 1813 | |
| 59 | José Gardoqui Jaraveitia | September 4, 1813 | December 10, 1816 | |
| 60 | Mariano Fernández de Folgueras | December 10, 1816 | October 30, 1822 | |
| 61 | Juan Antonio Martínez | October 30, 1822 | October 14, 1825 | |
| 62 | Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca | October 14, 1825 | December 23, 1830 | |
| 63 | Pascual Enrile y Alcedo | December 23, 1830 | March 1, 1835 | |
| 64 | Gabriel de Torres | March 1, 1835 | April 23, 1835 | |
| 65 | Joaquín de Crámer | April 23, 1835 | September 9, 1835 | |
| 66 | Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona | September 9, 1835 | August 27, 1837 | |
| 67 | Andrés García Camba | August 27, 1837 | December 29, 1838 | |
| 68 | Luis Lardizábal | December 29, 1838 | February 14, 1841 | |
| 69 | Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri | February 14, 1841 | June 17, 1843 | |
| 70 | Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre | June 17, 1843 | July 16, 1844 | |
| 71 | Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa | July 16, 1844 | December 26, 1849 | |
| 72 | Antonio María Blanco | December 26, 1849 | July 29, 1850 | |
| 73 | Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía | July 29, 1850 | December 20, 1853 | |
| 74 | Ramón Montero y Blandino | December 20, 1853 | February 2, 1854 | |
| 75 | Manuel Pavía y Lacy | February 2, 1854 | October 28, 1854 | |
| 76 | Ramón Montero y Blandino | October 28, 1854 | November 20, 1854 | |
| 77 | Manuel Crespo y Cebrían | November 20, 1854 | December 5, 1856 | |
| 78 | Ramón Montero y Blandino | December 5, 1856 | March 9, 1857 | |
| 79 | Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero | March 9, 1857 | January 12, 1860 | |
| 80 | Ramón María Solano y Llanderal | January 12, 1860 | August 29, 1860 | |
| 81 | Juan Herrera Dávila | August 29, 1860 | February 2, 1861 | |
| 82 | José Lemery e Ibarrola Ney y González | February 2, 1861 | July 7, 1862 | |
| 83 | Salvador Valdés | July 7, 1862 | July 9, 1862 | |
| 84 | Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham | July 9, 1862 | March 24, 1865 | |
| 85 | Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez | March 24, 1865 | April 25, 1865 | |
| 86 | Juan de Lara e Irigoyen | April 25, 1865 | July 13, 1866 | |
| 88 | José Laureano de Sanz y Posse | July 13, 1866 | September 21, 1866 | |
| 89 | Juan Antonio Osorio | September 21, 1866 | September 27, 1866 | |
| 90 | Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez | September 27, 1866 | October 26, 1866 | |
| 91 | José de la Gándara y Navarro | October 26, 1866 | June 7, 1869 | |
| 92 | Manuel Maldonado | June 7, 1869 | June 23, 1869 | |
| 93 | Cárlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada | June 23, 1869 | April 4, 1871 | |
| 94 | Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutíerrez | April 4, 1871 | January 8, 1873 | |
| 95 | Manuel MacCrohon | January 8, 1873 | January 24, 1873 | |
| 96 | Juan Alaminos y Vivar | January 24, 1873 | March 17, 1874 | |
| 97 | Manuel Blanco Valderrama acting | March 17, 1874 | June 18, 1874 | |
| 98 | José Malcampo y Monje | June 18, 1874 | February 28, 1877 | |
| 99 | Domingo Moriones y Murillo | February 28, 1877 | March 20, 1880 | |
| 100 | Rafael Rodríguez Arias | March 20, 1880 | April 15, 1880 | |
| 101 | Fernando Primo de Rivera 1st term | April 15, 1880 | March 10, 1883 | |
| 102 | Emilio Molíns 1st term, acting | March 10, 1883 | April 7, 1883 | |
| 103 | Joaquín Jovellar | April 7, 1883 | April 1, 1885 | |
| 104 | Emilio Molíns 2nd term, acting | April 1, 1885 | April 4, 1885 | |
| 105 | Emilio Terrero y Perinat | April 4, 1885 | 1888 | |
| 106 | Antonio Molto acting | 1888 | 1888 | |
| 107 | Federico Lobaton acting | 1888 | 1888 | |
| 108 | Valeriano Wéyler | 1888 | 1891 | |
| 109 | Eulogio Despujol | 1891 | 1893 | |
| 110 | Federico Ochando acting | 1893 | 1893 | |
| 111 | Ramón Blanco | 1893 | December 13, 1896 | |
| 112 | Camilo Polavieja acting | December 13, 1896 | April 15, 1897 | |
| 113 | José de Lachambre acting | April 15, 1897 | April 23, 1897 | |
| 114 | Fernando Primo de Rivera 2nd term | April 23, 1897 | April 11, 1898 | |
| 115 | Basilio Augustín[1] | April 11, 1898 | July 24, 1898 | |
| 116 | Fermín Jáudenes[1] acting | July 24, 1898 | August 13, 1898 | |
| 117 | Francisco Rizzo[1] acting | August 13, 1898 | September 1898 | |
| 118 | Diego de los Ríos[1] acting | September 1898 | June 3, 1899 | |
| align="center" | Nicolás Jaramillo[2] acting | June 3, 1899 | December 10, 1898 |
United States Military Government (1898–1901)
The American military government was established following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American War. During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.
| # | Picture | Name | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wesley Merritt | August 13, 1898 | August 29, 1898 | |
| 2 | Elwell S. Otis | August 29, 1898 | May 5, 1900 | |
| 3 | Arthur MacArthur, Jr. | May 5, 1900 | July 4, 1901 | |
| 4 | Adna Chaffee [3] | July 4, 1901 | July 4, 1902 |
Insular Government (1901–1935)
On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Philippine Commission who had the title of "civil governor", a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a military governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with civil governor, William Howard Taft.[4] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.[5] The following year, on July 4, 1902, the civil governor became the sole executive authority of the islands.[3] Chaffee remained as Commander of Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.[6]
The title was changed to "governor general" in 1905 by Act of Congress (Public 43 - February 6, 1905).[3] From 1901 to 1935, the Philippines was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs. The term "insular" refers to an unincorporated territory of the United States. On November 15, 1935, following the inauguration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines government, the title was changed to High Commissioner of the Philippines.
| # | Picture | Name | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | William Howard Taft | July 4, 1901 | February 1, 1904 | |
| 2 | Luke Edward Wright | February 1, 1904 | November 3, 1905 | |
| 3 | Henry Clay Ide | November 3, 1905 | September 19, 1906 | |
| 4 | James Francis Smith | September 20, 1906 | November 11, 1909 | |
| 5 | William Cameron Forbes | November 11, 1909 | September 1, 1913 | |
| 6 | Newton W. Gilbert Acting Governor-General |
September 1, 1913 | October 6, 1913 | |
| 7 | Francis Burton Harrison | October 6, 1913 | March 5, 1921 | |
| 8 | Charles Yeater Acting Governor-General |
March 5, 1921 | October 14, 1921 | |
| 9 | Leonard Wood | October 14, 1921 | August 7, 1927 | |
| 10 | Eugene Allen Gilmore Acting Governor-General |
August 7, 1927 | December 27, 1927 | |
| 11 | Henry L. Stimson | December 27, 1927 | February 23, 1929 | |
| 12 | Eugene Allen Gilmore Acting Governor-General |
February 23, 1929 | July 8, 1929 | |
| 13 | Dwight F. Davis | July 8, 1929 | January 9, 1932 | |
| 14 | George C. Butte Acting Governor-General |
January 9, 1932 | February 29, 1932 | |
| 15 | Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. | February 29, 1932 | July 15, 1933 | |
| 16 | Frank Murphy | July 15, 1933 | November 14, 1935 |
Japanese military governors (1942–1945)
In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Empire of Japan sent a military governor to control the country during wartime, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet second republic.[7]
| # | Picture | Name | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Masaharu Homma | January 3, 1942 | June 8, 1942 | |
| 2 | Shizuichi Tanaka | June 8, 1942 | May 28, 1943 | |
| 3 | Shigenori Kuroda | May 28, 1943 | September 26, 1944 | |
| 4 | Tomoyuki Yamashita | September 26, 1944 | October 6, 1945 |
Timelines
1800–1850 
1850–1900 
1900–1935 
See also
- Audiencia
- Viceroyalty of New Spain
- List of Viceroys of New Spain
- Spanish Empire
- History of the Philippines
- Military History of the Philippines
- United States Territory
- Governor-General
- Lists of office-holders
Notes
- ^ a b c d Peterson 2007, p. 11.
- ^ Peterson 2007, p. 10.
- ^ a b c Elliott (1917), p. 509
- ^ Elliott (1917), p. 4
- ^ Tanner (1901), p. 383
- ^ Philippine Academy of Social Sciences (1967). Philippine social sciences and humanities review. pp. 40. http://books.google.com/books?id=6qVHAQAAIAAJ.
- ^ Cahoon (2000)
References
- Governors of the Philippines
- Cahoon, Ben (2000). "Philippines". World's Statesmen.
- Don Peterson (2007-2nd Qtr), 1898: Five Philippine Governors-General Serve Rapid Fire Terms, Philippine Philatelic Journal.
- Tanner, Dr. J.M. (1901-11). Improvement Era Vol.5 No. 1. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
- Elliott, Charles Burke (1917). The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy. The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
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